Laboratory Exercise on Animal Behavior:
The goal is to learn about where in the vertebrate brain higher functions were added.  Links have answers

Cerebral Cortex
Textbook, Ch 27: figs 11, 12, 13 show many of the main parts of the human brain. 
Consciousness lies in the cerebral cortex - the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. 
Look at fig 13 and above it in the text.  Where in the cerebral cortex do you think?


Phineas Gage survived an accident which destroyed some of his frontal lobes.  How was he changed by the accident?



Draw on a sheet or print the primary somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe fig 13, & primary motor cortex, frontal lobe
a) The sensory map shows where somatic (skin, joint & muscle) sensations register.
List these sensations (part of lab ex. or in fig 16):


Internal organs have pain receptors too. 
Their pain is referred to a region on the body surface
Where is damage to the digestive tract felt?

b) The primary motor cortex map shows where a specific muscle is selected to contract, as part of a movement
Explain why EACH map is distorted when compared with the actual body:

Sensory

Motor

Based on what you read about Phineas, was his primary motor cortex damaged?, & explain.   


New Topic
1. Define Instinct & give 2 examples one invertebrate, one vertebrate




2. Define Emotion & give 2 examples emotions in non-human animals




3. Define Feeling & give 2 human examples




Do any non-humans possess feelings, or not?  Either way support you view




Rank the evolutionary order of these three experiences, ancient to most recent:
 


Textbook: table 27.1: lists the functions of the brain. 
From the table, where do you think instincts, emotions & feelings reside?  If you are not sure just keep going.

The Limbic System is briefly mentioned on page 598, but it's importance is not discussed more. 
Definition from Wiki:
 a) includes the structures involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional association with memory.
 b) influences the formation of memory by integrating emotional states with stored memories of physical sensations

On a sheet draw (or print) the limbic system from one: enlarges, OR, or use wiki (diagram enlarges)
Note here the 3 listed sites where opiates act & what happens:

a) 
            
b)

c)

9) Fill in this table using Wiki:

Component	Function(s).....................................................................................................................................................
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cingulate gyrus
Fornix
Hypothalamus	AND what are secreted by the hypothalamus, textbook table 25.1?
Thalamus

The Reptile brain has the beginnings of a limbic system & cerebral hemispheres.

Is the rest of its brain (= midbrain & hindbrain, fig 12 about the same as ours, fig 12 or not? support your answer


Knowing its functions, how might an early mammal, with more of a limbic system, differ in its behavior from a reptile?




How may this have something to do with why mammals took over, or was that more due to being warmblooded?




Mammals also have more cerebral hemisphere than reptiles, how may this change their behavior?
 

 
Brain evolution: first, scroll to diagram
a) what happens to the midbrain from fish to horse?


b) so where in mammals have some fishy functions of the midbrain moved to (paragraph above diagram)?


c) what are our cerebral hemispheres used for in fish (below diagram)?


d) and where is fishy brain "gray matter", see below diag?  It is in the same place as it is in our spinal cord!


Describe below, the Basic Behavioral Repertoires (scroll to end for list):

1) Reflex: like textbook fig 2, without the CNS integration loop) -


2) Basic Action Sequence  = fixed action pattern, include two examples

a)

b)

3) Instinct = Integrated Action Sequence - skip done way above!

4) Three different non-human examples of learned & experientially modified precepts & action sequences - answers

a)

b)

c)

5) two different non-human Play behavior


6) two different non-human Exploratory behavior -


7) two different non-human Goal directed behavior -


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