Chapter 16: Plants,  Fungi  & the Move onto Land   -phyte = plant

1. Biology/Society: Will Blight end American Chestnut? introduces both Kingdoms, fungus is parasite
2. Colonizing Land: fig 2 is missleading: from a to b did not happen
  1. One major difference between: algae and plants = embryo
  2. NOT cell walls, sorry, they are different but not major issue.
    3. Plants evolved on(to) land from one group of green algae,
    Red algae are an unrelated end point

    Charophycean algae (fig 6) are closest protists to plants: 4 homologies, both have:
  3.  1) Rosette complexes in plasma membranes to synthesize cellulose microfibrils (cell wall).
  4.   2) Peroxisome enzymes to reduce loss of organic products resulting from photorespiration.
  5.   3) Flagellated sperm cells (in primitive plants): sperm resemble sperm of charophyceans. 
  6.   4) Some details of cell division are found only in land plants & the most complex charophycean algae

  8. Green alga life cycle, note 1) all sperm are equal: no egg gametes  2) alga is HAPLOID
  9. TEXTBOOK: plants have adaptations to protect from drying out: stomata, waterproof cuticle,
    10. protected embryo,  gametangia,  placenta; &
    plasmodesmata pass molecules & ions between cells (multicellular algae?). 
    List of plant adaptations: middle of first paragraph
(More advanced plants have vascular tissue, fig 4, & lignin, 2
More on which algae likely evolved onto land, plant evolution)

3. Plant Diversity, fig 7: four great leaps forward: 1 adaptations to land, 2 vascular tissue, 3 seeds, 4 flowers.

NOTE: like algae, primitive plants develop when haploid, but higher plants develop when diploid
So there is an alternation of generations. 
Fig 10: what you see, most primitive plants = haploid gameteophytes, & only briefly diploid sporophytes. 
Fig 14: compares the three main types of plant life cycles: mosses, ferns & seed plants.
Botany Images Resource: general botany most useful here

1 non-vascular = bryophytes:  mosses,  life-cycle  &  liverworts,  life-cycle, hornworts, life-cycle
fig 9, 10 - haploid male or female plant produces sperm or egg.  Pinhook, 2, wiki

2 vascular: trachaeophytes = windpipe/vessel plants. 
Ancestral groups are spore (not seed) bearing
Equisetophyta ~ horsetails,
Lycopodiophyta ~ clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts,
Psilotophyta ~ whisk-ferns:
Fig 12: ancient ferns became fossil fuels.  Garfield Park Conservatory Fern Room,  events,
Pteridophyta ~ ferns: fig 11, 12 & 14 (center - plant is diploid = sporophyte). 
Life cycle,  giant - where?,  NZ
Although ferns can grow large, they cannot sexually reproduce in drier environments.

3 seeds: spermatophytes = meaning seed plant, not sperm plant, (but they have sperm too).  
Male gamete reaches female gamete without help of water, carried on the wind.
Environment: cooler, drier, favored evolution of gymnosperms = naked ovule/seed: Farabee, Kimball, wiki 
Have three more adaptations to life on land: reduction of gametophyte, pollen, seeds.
sporophyte tree > male & female cones > gametes > male pollen drifts to female > zygote > embryo (seed) > tree
4 flowers: angiosperms: seed in a box/coat, angi- = box.  Farabee: Life cycle,  Kimball: Life Cycle
Flower: sepal; petal; carpel = pistil: stigma, style & ovary; & stamen: filament & anther, more.
Flowers are adapted to attract pollinators. 
Spanish moss is a bromeliad!   grass flower

ADD to THIS REVIEW Botany: Global News Articles
1. Which is common to all plants?: vascular tissue, flowers, seeds, cuticle, stomata, pollen
2. Gametophyte is to ?n as ?Sporophyte is to diploid
3. Why are coal, oil & gas called fossil fuels? lycophytes, Field: coal forest,
4. How does evergreen nature of conifers adapt them to short growing season? dehydration? why softwood?
5. Describe sperm delivery in ferns & mosses
6. Where are forests being used sustainably?  Is clearcutting ever sustainable?
7. ? are to conifers as flowers are to ?
8. List four main organs in a flower
9. what is a fruit?

4. Loss of plant diversity
and its likely cost to humans: list, more, images, poisonous plants,  ethnobotany

Resources:  general, classify, Families, ID CA wildflower, AU plants, Images, Farabee, Kimball,
Table 16: Plant Medicines: Defense against hebivory: q/q/chemical/defenses, herbalism, medicines
Botany course: images & life cycles of prokaryotes, protists, fungi & plants 
plant physiology,  plant tissues,  Banyan Tree,   Alexander,
5. FUNGI:  fig 20,  WIKI, another complete page
Fungi have chitin in cell wall;  most slime molds & water molds do not = fungi-like, but not related
Common molds are fungi (see below).  Mildew.
Evolution: Wiki: Opisthokonta: animal & primitive fungi sperm are similar, thus related!
Fungi (cell wall) & arthropods exoskeleton produce chitin (homologous or analagous?)
Note: Irish potato famine, wiki: due to water mold, not fungus.  Early blight is due to a fungus
world's largest organism, one of the oldest too,  is a fairy ring,  K-12,

Summaries:  K-12 (but fungi moved?), or Wiki, or Kimball: chitin, or Farabee: good illustrations,
Homologies? with animals: heterotrophs, but most are saprotrophs as they don't move!
Nutrition: saprotrophs, but some are parasitic,  New Zealand: live on insect larvae. 
Life cycle/reproduction: mushroom life cycle: (+ & - is = male & female)
This example mycelium is dikaryotic (n+n) > fruit body > haploid spores +/-, grow & fuse
another description, clearest? the stalk is just compacted hyphae,
another: red & black nuclei cross over?, or fig 21, Wiki,  more detailed,  slide show

Types of Fungi:  Yeast (unicellular mostly): Saccharomyces: baking, brewing, fermenting, ethanol
All the rest: "are like" fig 21: hypha/mycelium is haploid OR dikaryotic + reproductive structure (varies)
Chytridiomycota: primitive group, "little pot", some are parasites on amphibia, plants
All the rest include molds
Zygomycota: sexual reproduction includes zygote-spores, includes black bread mold
Glomeromycota: includes arbuscules in roots of angiosperms (very valuable): mutualism (both benefit)
Next two are "higher fungi" or dikarya: cells contain two haploid nuclei
Ascomycota: sac fungi, includes symbiont lichen, & yeasts, morels, truffles, Penicillium, & many plant pathogens
Basidiomycota: produce spores in a club-shaped basidium, some mushrooms, some yeasts.

ROLES: Ecological roles of fungi: major decomposers, symbionts above, yeast,
Human uses & diseases: e.g. aspergillus: good, bad & worse: aflatoxin, yeast infection,   
Purdue: Arthur Herbarium,  Lucy in the sky.  Edible (scroll), poisonous, poisonous plants,
Evolution Connection: Symbiosis
  1. Parasitic: insects, human, & mutualistic (scroll) examples, each involving a fungus. 
REVIEW:  & two good resources: Volk's fungi,  Mycoweb.
How is animal nutrition different from fungal nutrition?
How do yeasts raise bread?  Write chemical reaction
What are hyphae?
What is athletes's foot? ringworm?
Do both fungi and plants produce antibiotics?