Ch 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure & Function

A) Box: Keeping Cool:
Beckham is sweating & vasodilating because he is hot.  Both should increase heat loss.
Heat Exhaustion (involuntary stopping &/or passing out) happens when the loss of fluid,
& blood vessel dilation, combine to severely lower blood pressure.
Heat Stroke occurs if brain temperature rises so much (~105 F) that it looses the ability to regulate. 
Chicago Marathon, 2007, 88 F: 49 runners hospitalized: at least heat exhaustion

B) WEEK 7, 2/28, Lab Ex: Structural Organization of Animals human anatomy,  Gray's Anatomy

1) Form Fits Function: true for everything, at all levels of organization, but always a work in progress:
    molecues: Hemoglobin, H2O, cells, tissues (next), organ, heart, insect eye, wings, skeletons

2) Form Fits Function in Tissues p 468-471
Each tissue is an integrated group of similar cells that perform specific funtions
We already studied plant tissues
There are four basic animal tissue types:  Farabee, Kimball, Instructor,

1) epithelial: fig 4: a sheet or sheets of cells that cover organ surfaces:
the skin, & inner lining of digestive tract & side branches = gall bladder, appendix, liver etc;
the lining of airways & air sacs, & of blood vessels & heart, & the urinary & reproductive tracts.
Epithelia protect, many also secrete &/or absorb materials.  
Epithelia are attached by a basement membrane to the tissue that lies beneath. 
They are classified by cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar, and the # of layers: 1: simple, 2+: stratified. 
Draw, describe & give location(s) of: simple 1) squamous, 2) cuboidal, 3) columnar,
4) ciliated, & 5) stratified squamous

2) connective: fig 5: connective tissue holds everything together. 
Bone, cartilage, blood, tendons & ligaments are examples.
Connective tissue cells lie in an extracellular matrix - that gives each tissue its properties
The matrix is made up of fibers and ground substance or filler. 
The fibers are secreted by the tissue's cells, they can be elastic, or collagen = inelastic, or reticular = wiry.  
The ground substance ranges from liquid (plasma), to loose & stretchy, to firm (cartilage), to bone hard = calcium salts.
Draw and describe & locate the six connective tissues listed in your textbook.

 Following are most major types
A) Matrix with few fibers & much ground substance, except adipose is mostly cells:
a. areolar: lies under the skin, lets you lift your skin, forms bags under eyes (aging and/or too much salt in diet)
b. reticular: forms lymphatic organs like spleen & thymus, and red bone marrow
c. adipose: fat, under the skin & yellow bone marrow
B) Tough matrix mostly fibers, little ground substance.
d. dense regular collagen = ligaments and tendons (what is the difference?)
e. dense regular elastic = in wall of aorta, & forms elastic ligaments between spines/projections of vertebrae, to bend & stretch you back!
f. dense irregular = in skin beneath epithelium, used to make hide/leather; & in heart between chambers as rings and valves.
C) Have rubbery to bone hard matrix:
g. cartilage: surfaces bones at joints, Adam's apple, nose, ear, epiglottis, inter-vertebral disc, & pads in knee & jaw
h. bone: skeleton: bones solid surface & spaces inside: red marrow = reticular tissue, above, or yellow (fat)
D) Liquid matrix
i. blood & lymph (what is the difference?)

3) muscle: fig 6: three types: skeletal that moves you, cardiac, & smooth: is in the wall of most tubes & bags within you. 
Draw and describe each:  1) skeletal,  2) cardiac  3) smooth

4) nerve: cells form the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, & are in sensory receptors. 
Draw and describe both gray & white matter, using the spinal cord, or whatever you like.
A. gray matter = our CPU: throughout the brain, butterfly shape in spinal cord, & in ganglia
B. white matter = fatty insulation wrap, speeds up impulses.  In brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
nerve:  grey & white,  nerve tissue resource
  
3) Form Fits Function in Organs & Organ Systems,
Organs are made up of different tissues: fig 7, the intestine wall, has four/five layers of tissues
Organ Systems are described in next few chapters, & listed on p 472/473:
List the organ systems & organs in each: USE fig 8, & see heart in lab:
Integumentary, Skeletal & Joints, Muscular, Nervous System (& Sensory Receptors), Endocrine (=hormones)
Cardiovascular, Lymphatic & Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
Wiki, organ system animations
NOTE: skeleton & integument are different systems in vertebrates, but NOT in arthropods.
END OF LAB EX

C) Exchanges with the External Environment
  1. Organisms are open systems, fig 11, must exchange materials with environment.
    2. An animal's size & shape affect how it exchanges energy & materials.
  2. Most animals have blood circulation to supply needs of cells.  Sponges, hydra, flatworms don't.
  3. Polar bears & camels are large: makes homeostasis easier:
  4. Organisms store materials (& heat) in proportion to weight or volume (~ to length cubed)
  5. But organisms gain or loose materials in proportion to surface area (~ to length squared)
  6. as you get larger your volume increases faster than your surface
D) Regulating the Internal Environment (Extracellular Fluid, ECF),  examples,  more,  .ppt  .ppt
  1. Homeostasis, fig 12: keep the internal environment (ECF) roughly constant:  details,  dry/oily hair
  2. Negative feedback: the system's response reduces the change from normal: body temp., blood sugar, etc
  3. Positive feedback: response increases the change from normal: childbirth, blood coagulation, Wiki,
  4. Thermoregulation: 
  5. endotherms: internal heat source: birds/mammals, & ectotherms, reptiles, use outside heat source
    6. Adaptations for thermoregulation: bigger, basking fig 14, sweat, pant, hair, big ears, shiver, change skin blood flow, fig 15
  6. Causes & functions of fever: chemicals from white blood cells raise body thermostat, mild fever helps fight infection
  1. Osmoregulation: Is like thermoregulation but keeping the ECF levels of water (& salt) about constant
  2. Osmoconformers don't regulate: marine invertebrates have same osmolarity as ocean,
  3. but Osmoregulators do more wiki.  Salmon are great osmoregulators

    4. Homeostasis in Action: Kidneys make urine from blood by three steps, fig 16.
    Urinary system, Kidney diagram, complete with audio animations    ,  from biology course
    There are ~ 1,000,000 nephrons/kidney (earthworms have 2 nephrons/segment) source
    1) filtration into tubule of blood plasma, less proteins,
    2) reabsorption of nutrients (glucose, amino acids), ions & water, out of tubule back into blood
    3) secretion into tubule from blood of drugs, acid wastes, hydrogen ion, potassium ion
    Thus: what is excreted in urine = (filtered: plasma - proteins) - 2 (reabsorbed: nutrients) + 3 (secreted: wastes, drugs)
    lab models, GI, Kidney see Kimball,  Farabee (comparative),  animations.
Kidneys structure, fig 17, enables osmo-, ion & pH regulation: urine can contain more or less water, ions, pH than blood
  1. Kidney failure (< 10% of normal production): blood becomes abnormal in wastes, water/volume, & ions
  2. fig 18, dialysis general pathology, more
E) How Physical Laws Limit Animal Form
     1.Wings, limbs & joints: form fits function: wiki,  fusiform = streamlined, 
    2. white elephants can't jump, because mass increases as length cubed, but strength only as length squared
    (think of a body builder, her muscles do not get longer just thicker)     scaling

CHECKPOINTS: p 475, 481
1. Why doesn't a tapeworm require a circulatory system?
1. Homeostasis: animals maintain nearly constant their  ? environment, even though their ? environment changes
1a. Most homeostatic?: invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals?  cost?
2. How does a toilet flushing system keep both the reservoir & bowl full?
2a. How does the cruise control work on a car?
2c. Homeoststic in your ECF/internal environment: BP, glucose, temperature, pH, Na, K, Ca, H2O
3. Three body features to retain heat/maintain temperature, & three to loose heat?
4. Four ways that water leaves you?
5. Four processes in the kidneys to convert blood into urine?