Chapter 23: Circulation and Respiration: animations all systems,  K-12 Resources

Biology and Society: The A(airway)B(breathing)C(circulation)s of Saving Lives
  1. 1e ABCs: unobstructed airway / how to fix it?, breathing / fix it?, pulse / fix it?
  2. 2e Doped up: anabolic steroids & erythropoietin, Tommy Simpson (1967), Floyd Landis (2006)
Unifying Concepts of Animal Circulation
  1. Most animals have a circulatory system!
    2. Not sponges; & not cnidarians nor flatworms: have a gastrovascular cavity &
  2. not Roundworms: complete gut & pseudocoelom, but no heart or circulation,
  3. All the rest have circulations & can be much larger/thicker:
    4. The three main components of circulatory systems are heart, blood vessels, & either blood or hemolymph.
    OPEN circulatory systems, fig 2a: molluscs (except cephalopods), arthropods & echinoderms:
    have heart(s) & a few big blood vessels which empty into hemocoel
    = coelom fluid = hemolymph which "slowly" circulates, wiki
  4. CLOSED circulations, fig 2b: & annelids (earthworm) & cephalopods
    5. with relatively few vessels & most chordates including all vertebrates;
  5. Closed systems circulate blood "rapidly" through vessels to supply O2 to tissues & remove CO2
  6. Arthropods can have the highest metabolic rates of all organisms,
  7. because they have a separate way (below) to supply tissues with oxygen
Checkpoint p 506:
1. Why isn't simple diffusion enough to supply our cells' needs? 
2. So does simple diffusion occur anywhere in us?

Vertebrate heart & circulation evolved, accompanied by changes in the circulation:
two chambers & one circuit (fish) to four chambers & two circuits: bird/mammal (source)
O2/CO2 exchange: changed from gills, to lungs & wet skin (both amphibia), to lungs only (reptiles etc.)

The Human Cardiovascular System (with animations) < complete > Farabee.
  1. pulmonary circulation sends deoxygenated blood to lungs, right ventricle > pulmonary circ.
    2. systemic circ. sends blood around the body, fig 3, wiki, LEFT ventricle > Systemic circulation:
Blood vessel structure & function correspond: fig 8, Farabee:
  1. aorta: elastic wall stores energy: stretches as ventricle empties, & contracts as ventricle fills >
  2. arteries: have muscular wall, large diameter, distribute blood around body  > 
  3. arterioles: have muscular wall, & small, variable diameter, determine how much blood each tissue gets
  4. vasodilation = more blood flow through tissue, vasoconstriction less blood flows > viagra?
  5. capillaries: have only simple squamous epithelium: exchange materials with tissues >
  6. venules > veins: both have thin but tough walls of muscle & collagen fibers, & one-way valves,
    7. > vena cava > RIGHT atrium >  RIGHT ventricle >
  7. Pulmonary circulation:
  8. pulmonary art etc > pul cap etc > pul veins > LEFT atrium, fig 4

  10. Wiki: human heart & heart beat animation: cardiac cycle
  11. Systemic & pulmonary circulations carry the same AMOUNT of blood
  12. Pulmonary circuit: less resistance, so lower pressure (~ 40/15 mm Hg): blood vessels have thinner walls.
  13. Systemic circuit: more resistance, so higher pressure (~110/70 female, 120/80 male)
  14. Heart rate: pacemaker animation & two nerve supplies: accelerator & inhibitor,  
  15. ECG anim,  Farabee (scroll for conducting tissue)
  1. LAB EX WEEK 8 includes blood
  2. Blood: cells 45% (lab ex), plasma 55%: water, salt, proteins, nutrients, hormones, fig 11, Farabee.
  3. Blood cell stem cells Kimball make all kinds of blood cells. Leukemia (Kimball, scroll to leu).
  4. Stem cells can be used to fight leukemia:
  5. Most molluscs & a few primitive arthropods have blue blood!

  7. The CV system's ROLE in homeostasis = exchange of materials with tissues, fig 9.
  8.  
  9. Homeostasis of CV System = Normal Blood Pressure (~110/70 female, 120/80 male)
  10. Blood pressure is regulated: systolic/diastolic, normal, & hypertension.
  11. BP = Cardiac Output (CO) x Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR),
  12. BP = Heart Rate (HR) x Ventricle Stroke Volume (SV) x TPR:   
  13. HR, SV & TPR are under the control of nerves and hormones:
  14. Baroreceptor reflex:   BP = HR x SV x TPR
  15. BP is measured by receptors in walls of aorta & carotid arteries
  16. which send impulses to a blood pressure control center in brain stem

  18. Blood VOLUME is also important to regulate blood pressure
  19. Lower blood volume causes lower SV: heart can only pump out what comes in
  20.  
  21. High blood pressure medications > either lower CO and/or lower TPR:
  22. Diuretics lower CO by lowering blood volume,
  23. Beta blockers lower both CO & TPR by blocking nerves that raise CO & TPR.
  24. Describe the causes and frequency of cardiovascular disease
  25. (textbook describes the disease) calculate your risk.
CHECKPOINT p 516
1. Differences between pulmonary & systemic ciculations:
    pressures?,
    vessels?,
    blood?
2. Heart chambers that receive blood?, & from which vessels?
3. Heart chambers that pump blood?, & into which vessels?
4. A baby is born with an intra-ventricular septal (wall) defect (hole), consequences?
5. List blood vessels in order from highest to lowest pressures (systemic or pulmonary circ.)
6. What moves blood through veins? 
    Which veins are most likely to varicose?
    NOT ON TEST:
7. How to link saturated fat in food to heart attack?
8. Four Dos & four don'ts to lower risk of heart attack?    
 
Unifying Concepts of Animal Respiration..Farabee...everything too..
  1. Circulatory & Respiratory systems provide for gas exchange: fig 4. 
  2. Aerobic metabolism: glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + more ATP
  3. Fats, proteins & nucleic acids are also metabolized, but:
  4. with amino acids: first remove nitrogen by liver, mammals excrete N as urea.
  5.  
  6. Four types of respiratory surfaces, fig 15:
  7. (1) wet permeable skin: earthworms, amphibians, flatworms, & roundworms
  8. (2) gills: aquatic invertebrates: molluscs (scroll), & some arthropods, 
  9. & aquatic vertebrates: fish & tadpoles, gill is like heat exchanger in a furnace
  10. (3) terrestrial insect surface reaches into most tissues, scroll & K-6 image,
  11. (4) lungs: even amphibians' use skin & lungs, but have no ribs nor diaphragm: how do they breathe?  
  12. Birds' lungs are more efficient than mammals', animation, air sacs scroll

    13. CHECKPOINT p 519
    Why do all human cells require continuous supply of O2 & removal of CO2?
    Main difference btw fish gills & vertebrate lungs in terms of location?
    How do fish breathe? Like a frog!
    Spider
    How is terrestrial insect respiration basically different from all vertebrates?
The Human Respiratory System..Farabee..
  1. There are three phases of gas exchange in humans:
  2. 1) breathing = ventilation, animation & audio, simpler,
  3. 2) blood transports O2 & CO2: 
  4. hemoglobin transports both O2 to tissues,
  5. & CO2 from tissues: as a) carbamino, & b) as H+ & HCO3-  (Hb buffers H+):
  6. In RBC:  CO2 + H2O >> H+ & HCO3-  (carbonic anhydrase)
  7. 3) O2 & CO2 exhange with air in lungs, & with cells in tissues:
  8. both exchanges depend on the thinness & area of surfaces
  9. lungs have about ~ tennis court area, & only two flat epithelia lie between air & blood.
  10. O2 pressure is highest in air (160 mm Hg), & lowest in tissues (< 40 mm Hg).
  11. CO2 pressure is highest in tissues (> 46 mm Hg.), & lowest in air (< 1 mm Hg.)
  12. Trace the path of a breath of air as it travels to and from the deepest portions of the lungs:
  13. trachea > brochus > bronchiole > alveolus (note is like: aorta > artery > arteriole > capillary)
  14. Breathing is controlled for homeostasis: 
  15. The rate & depth of breathing are set unconsciously, to keep blood at pH @ 7.4, & PO2 at 100 mm. Hg. 
  16. pH and PO2 chemoreceptors are in the same places as the receptors for BP = ?,
  17. The breathing control center is in the brain stem, close to the center for BP regulation
  18. (where there are also more pH chemoreceptors). 
  19. Breathing muscles are voluntary, & contract in response to nerve signals.  
  20. Phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm 
  21. Dietary iron is needed to make hemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisons hemoglobin,
  22. Smoking casues bronchitis, emphysema & lung cancer.
CHECKPOINT p 524
1. Sort: bronchi, larynx, nasal cavity, alveoli, phaynx, bronchioles, trachea
2. Explain effects of hyperventilation
3. What mechanism moves gasses into or out of blood & tissues
4. Both O2 & CO2 require ? cell & ? protein for transport in the blood        

Evolution Connection: The Move Onto Land
  1. It takes more oxygen to live on land than in water due to weight support
  2. How the transition from gills to lungs might have evolved: lungfish. wiki
REVIEW for TEST: CH 17, 21, 22, 23
CH 17: Animals
Early development, through gastrulation, may recapitulate early stages in animal evolution: fig 3 & 4
Gastrulation generally produces 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm, fig 8
The origins of the different tissue types, Ch 21, are:
All 3 germ layers make epithelia,
mesoderm makes all connective & muscle,
only ectoderm makes nerve
Checkpoint  p 376
A new organism from the oceanfloor, how do you figure it out?
NO Q. ON HUMAN EVOLUTION, but Biological Adam & Eve

CH 21: Unifying Concepts: Include
1) Strucure & function are interdependent, e.g. tissues
2) Organisms are open systems
2) Homeostasis of ECF, e.g. temperature, water & salt, wastes, blood pressure & blood sugar
3) kidney & nephron
No Questions on Disorders, NO Q. on Organ Systems not yet studied
p 484
Eastern tent caterpillars are social, why?
In AM they bask together, black backs facing sun; by noon they hang out individually, why? 
Testable hypothesis?

CH 22: Digestion & Nutrition  NO Q. ON NUTRITION, NO Q. on disorders

CH 23: IS THIS PAGE: NO QUESTIONS ON DISORDERS
p 526
1) The best evidence for four chambered dinosaur heart is Willo, wiki, heart
    A three chambered heart cannot cause very high blood pressure, or lungs will fill with fluid = drown
2) Hyperventilate before swim race? > lowers CO2 > raises blood pH, but NO extra O2 in blood
    The rise in pH > hold breath longer & vasoconstricts arterioles in brain > may pass out