Lab Ex on Evolution: 8, 9, 10 & 14
(Still need to do: Ex 2.4 human physiology,  15.3 Water and Plants)

Ex 8: Theory of Evolution / Ways to measure species differences
hoofed mammals evolution, more

Ex 8.2: Use online images of skulls to carefully complete tables 8.2 & 8.3:
TABLE 8.2: use any 6 of these characters (list is from fig 3):
TEETH:  1) Enlarged canines?,    2) Large yellowish incisors?,    3) Grinding molars?,
EYES:    4) Eyes face forward?,   5) Orbit entirely encircled by bone?,
NOSE:    6) Long snout? (dog breeds vary, so use wild type)
SKULL:  7) Top of skull rounded or flat?
cat A,  dog B (wild type?),  muskrat C,  mink D,  sheep E,  pig F, 
mink has links to other skulls scroll to end of page.  
Only cat,  dog,  All skulls,

Ex 8.3: make a Taxonomy Tree for the animals:
Kingdom (?), Phylum (?) & Class (?) are all the same,

	superorder	order	superfamily	family
A cat	clade IV	carnivora	felioidea	felidae
B dog	clade IV	"	canoidea	canidae
C muskrat	clade III	rodentia		muridae
D mink	clade IV	carnivora		mustelidae
E sheep	clade IV	artilodactyla		bovidae
F pig	clade IV	"		suidae

In cladistic analysis:  one axis is "time"?, and the other is differences?, 
Carnivora cladistics, wiki on carnivora

Ex 8.4: Compare your tree to actual species classification

Most important for determining who evolved from whom is the fossil record
Most important for determining when: if fossil: date rocks, if living: DNA differences accumulate like clockwork
Jacob Bronowski, Ascent of Man, Taung skull images,

Ex 8.5: Use Lab Handout (from paper in Nature, vol. 409: p. 614-618)
(Column 1: DNA sequence positions: 30, 41, 42, 48, 51, 54, 57, 63, 64, 66, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76)
The more two species' DNA are different - the longer they have evolved apart
Table 8.5: Shared differences from the outgroup

A&B	9	B&C	4	C&D	4	D&E	5
A&C	4	B&D	10	C&E	2	D&F	5
A&D	9	B&E	5	C&F	2
A&E	5	B&F	5			E&F	8
A&F	5

Ex 9: Natural Selection, Mutation & Competition,
(missing is immigration & emigration)
Ex 9: can rotate tables between Ex 9.1 & 9.2, or share data, each takes about 30-40 minutes. 

Ex 10: Species & Races:
10.1: Evolution of Reproductive Isolation:
Do table 10.1, wiki: smut disease

HOST plant	location of host plant	fungi incompatibility: 1=high, 6=low
S. latifolia	UK	?
S. latifolia	VA	6
S. carolinana	NC	4
S. virginica	VA	5
P. pan	Costa Rica	3
L. flos-c	UK	2

scroll for table 10.2 data, < you have to change S. latifolia to either S. alba or S carolinana
Microbotryum on flowers, M. violaceum, HOSTS: S. alba, S.latifolia, S.carolinana, S.virginica, P.paniculatum, L.flos-cuculi,

10.2: Human faces: men, women, b & w site, another,
        Federal Gov. on race see para 2: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American,
       Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and White.
       Two categories for data on ethnicity: "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino."
        Wiki agrees: races         
10.3: Biological races may occur as result of human migration: mtDNA = map, BBC: scroll to migrations
         Y-chromosomal Adam & mtDNA Eve
10.4: racism
10.5: need adds: men seeking women, women seeking men
10.6: same as 10.5, do

Ex 14
5. Why do bottlenecks change allele frequencies of a gene in a population?
6. Compare population of 50 with 250:
7. In a population what contribution do non-breeders make to natural selection?
8. Which is more likely to loose an allele, if the population = 20, & p = q = 0.5, or p = 0.9, q = 0.1
Online software (not exactly duplicate Ex): easiest, select one that fits Ex.
For Ex 14.3 can use software on I:\Wilkin, double click DRIFT,  source
Can do 10 Trials (not one), 10 Generations (least available), & correct Population, as in lab book.
A DOS program on my I drive, alelle, includes mutation
Harder to use: evolve is on my I drive in EvolGenius folder .using. this software covers all evolution mechanisms.
9. Explain 8
10. Costs of low genetic diversity? inbred dogs, wiki, NYTimes, death & disease